小作文
1
邀请信
写作布局
引言（1-2句）：表明目的，发出邀请。
主体（3-4句）：介绍活动安排，说明邀请原因。
结尾（1-2句）：欢迎光临，表达期待。
成文方法
(1)开篇段（说明写作目的）
①We hope you will join us for a...我们希望您能参加我们的……。
②We cordially invite you to attend/You are cordially invited to...我们诚挚邀请您出席……。
③It gives me great pleasure to invite you to...我很荣幸邀请您参加……。
④We would like to invite you to attend the...located at(place)on(date).我们邀请您参加在……（时间和地点）举办的……。
(2)中间段（具体说明活动内容及安排）
①The event is prepared in the intention to...这次活动是为了……。
②This exhibition aims to...这次展出是为了……。
③The event will be held in(place)from(time)to(time).活动将在……（时间和地点）举办。
④For the convenience of everybody the timings have been fixed from(time)to(time).为了方便每个人，时间定于从……到……。
(3)结尾段（表达期待）
①We would appreciate it if you can attend this event as you are...由于您……，若您能出席本次活动，我们将十分感激。
②We hope to see you there.希望能在那里见到您。
③We look forward to seeing you at（place）on(date).期待……（时间）在……（地点）见到您。
④We will surely look forward to your gracious presence that day.我们非常期待您那天的光临。
2
推荐信
写作布局
引言（1-2句）：自我介绍，写清目的。
主体（3-4句）：介绍所推人或物的能力或特质，附加阐释。
结尾（1-2句）：结尾套话，表示期待。
成文方法
(1)开篇段(表明写作目的：推荐……)
①You asked for my opinion on...I am writing to you to recommend...你曾问我对……的看法。我写信来给你推荐……。
②This letter serves to recommend XXX for employment.这封信是要推荐XXX任职。
③I am pleased to recommend XXX for the position of...我很乐意推荐XXX担任……一职。
④It is my pleasure to recommend XXX as...我很荣幸推荐XXX担任……。
⑤At your request,I evaluated several...to determine which one you should purchase.I believe that...will best serve your needs at the price you budgeted.应你的要求，我评估了几个……以决定你该买哪一个。我相信……能在你的预算范围内地满足你的需求。
(2)中间段（具体介绍所推荐的人或物）
①I was impressed that XXX...（描述其优势）XXX……，对此我印象深刻。
②You will also be impressed with his/her...你也会对他/她的……印象深刻。
③XXX is one of the most pleasant persons you’ll ever meet or work with.XXX将是你见过或共事的人中最讨人喜欢的人之一。
④The characteristic that is most commendable in XXX is...XXX最值得称赞的特点是……。
⑤I strongly recommend...to you because I am sure...我给你强烈推荐……,因为我相信……。
(3)结尾段（表达期待）
①For all of these reasons,I think XXX will make a fine addition to your team.基于以上原因，我认为XXX会为你的团队锦上添花。
②Without reservation,I recommend him/her highly for your program.我毫无保留地推荐他/她加入你的项目。
③Should you have any questions,I invite you to contact me at...如果你有任何问题，请拨打（电话号码）联系我。
3
建议信
写作布局
引言（1-2句）：铺陈背景，表明目的。
主体（3-4句）：罗列两至三点建议，附带理由。
结尾（1-2句）：期望采纳建议。
成文方法
(1)开篇段（说明写作目的）
①I am writing this letter on behalf of...to make some suggestions with regard to...我代表……写这封信，提出一些关于……的建议。
②It is my pleasure to offer you some advice on...很荣幸为你提供一些关于……的建议。
③I am writing this letter to suggest to you that...我写这封信是为了建议你……。
(2)中间段(罗列建议)
①My suggestions are as follows.我的建议如下。
②I propose that...This will save you money and worry.我建议……，这会为你省钱并省去烦恼。
③I hereby suggest you to...Also...might be useful.These are some important points that I wanted to mention.I am sure if...,you will...在此我建议你……，并且……也许会有用。这些是我想提及的要点。我相信如果……，你会……。
(3)结尾段(表达期待)
①I hope this suggestion is of benefit to you.I will be delighted to speak to you if you require additional information.希望这个建议对你有用。如果你需要更多信息，我很高兴与你交流。
②I hope you will find these proposals practical.我希望这些建议实用。
③I hope that you will take my suggestions into serious account.我希望你能认真考虑我的建议。
④Your prompt attention to my suggestions would be highly appreciated.我将十分感激您对我所提建议的及时关注。
⑤If you wish to know more,please call me at...如果您想了解更多，请拨打……。
⑥Hope you take these suggestions positively and improve your services as soon as possible.希望您能积极采纳这些建议，尽快改善服务。
4
申请信
写作布局
引言（1-2句）：表明目的（陈述申请或请求的内容）。
主体（3-4句）：罗列两三点内容，表明请求的细节或说明自身资格。
结尾（1-2句）：期望请求被允许。
成文方法
(1)开篇段（说明写作目的）
①I am writing to apply for...我写信是为了申请……。
②From the...website I learned about your need for a...I am very interested in this position,and believe that my education and employment background are appropriate for the position.我从……网站上看到了您对……的需求，我对这个职位很感兴趣，并相信我的教育背景和工作经历适合此职位。
③I would like to apply for the...position advertised in...我想应聘刊登在……上……职位。
(2)中间段(介绍自己的能力和经历等)
①The key strengths that I possess for success in this position include:...我能胜任此职位的主要优势包括：……。
②With my...background,my training in...and my work experience,I believe I could make a valuable contribution to...鉴于我……的背景、在……方面接受的培训和工作经历，我相信我能为……做出有价值的贡献。
③My experience also includes...我的经历还包括……。
④I believe my combination of...experience and...training is an excellent match for the position.我相信我的……经历和……培训与这个职位很匹配。
⑤I believe that my strong...will make me a very competitive candidate for this position.我相信我在……方面的优势会使我成为这个职位很有竞争力的候选人。
(3)结尾段(表达期待)
①Thank you for your time and consideration.I look forward to speaking with you.感谢您的时间和关注。期待有机会与您交流。
②I look forward to talking with you regarding...Thank you very kindly for your consideration.期待与您交流……。非常感谢您的关注。
③Thank you very much for your consideration.I look forward to receiving your reply.非常感谢您的关注。期待您的回复。
5
道歉信
写作布局
引言（1-2句）：陈述背景，表明歉意。
主体（3-4句）：适当解释，提出建议。
结尾（1-2句）：再次表示歉意，请求谅解。
成文方法
(1)开篇段（说明写作目的:为……道歉）
①I want to write you a letter to apologize.我想给你写信道歉。
②I want to apologize for...我想为……给你道歉。
③Please accept my sincere apology for...请接受我因……诚挚的歉意。
④Please accept this letter as my formal apology for what happened on(location/event/issue...).请把这封信作为我对发生在……（地点或事件）的正式道歉。
(2)中间段（说明理由并提出补救）
①It was not my intention to cause any damage or inconvenience.我不是有意造成破坏或不便的。
②In retrospect,I believe the situation resulted from...回想过去，我认为事情是由……造成的。
③While this is by no means an excuse for my behavior/what happened,knowing the cause will help me guard against future mistakes.虽然这无论如何都不能作为我的行为/所发生之事的借口，但知道原因能够帮助我今后避免这样的错误。
④I would try to offer an explanation for what I did,but there are no excuses.我会试图解释我的所作所为，但没有借口。
⑤Would it be convenient for you if...?如果……您方便吗？
⑥Would you prefer to...?您愿意……吗？
⑦Would you mind if I...?您介意我……吗？
(3)结尾段（再次表示歉意，请求原谅）
①I sincerely thank you for hearing me out.Again,I am sorry for what happened.我真诚地感谢您细心听取我说的话。对于发生的事情，我再次表示歉意。
②I look forward to hearing from you and putting this matter behind us.我期待您的回信，并希望您能忘了这件事。
③Again,I deeply apologize for the problems my actions caused,and I hope I can work to make it right.我再次对我的行为所带来的问题表示深深的歉意，并希望我可以处理好它。
④I will...,but in the meantime I ask you please to accept my sincere apologies.我会……，但是同时希望你能接受我诚挚的道歉。
⑤I am sorry to...,and hope that this has not caused you any great inconvenience.对……我感到抱歉，并希望这没有给您造成太多不便。
⑥I can’t expect your forgiveness,though I certainly hope for it.All I can say is that I truly want things to be okay between us.我不期待你的原谅，虽然我希望得到你的谅解。我想说的是希望我们俩之间没有问题。
6
祝贺信
写作布局
引言（1-2句）：简述事由；表明写作目的。
主体（3-4句）：详述成果；回顾历程并发出赞扬；可对进一步发展提出适当建议。
结尾（1-2句）：再次祝贺；表达期望。
成文方法
(1)开篇段（说明写作目的）
I am very happy today to hear the news that...Hereby I am writing this letter to you to congratulate you on this achievement.
非常高兴得知……的消息。因此我写信来祝贺你取得的成绩。
(2)中间段（表示祝贺）
①This only could be achieved by your hard work and talent.You really deserve...这只能是你自己的才华和努力带来的结果。你真的值得获得……
②Today all your persistence and hard work has paid off.今天你所有的坚持和努力终于带来了成功。
③I am congratulating you from the bottom of my heart.我打心底祝福你。
④I’m so proud of you for setting your sights high,and making every effort to achieve that goal.你给自己制定高远的目标，尽一切努力去实现那个目标，我为你感到骄傲。
(3)结尾段（表达祝愿/表示期待更大成功）
①Please accept my heartiest congratulations to you.请接受我对你最诚挚的祝贺。
②Many congratulations for your achievement and best wishes for future growth as well!热烈祝贺你取得的成绩，并对你未来的成长致以最美好的祝福！
7
感谢信
写作布局
引言（1-2句）：介绍事由，表明目的。
主体（3-4句）：罗列感谢原因（收信人提供的具体帮助），表达自身感受。
结尾（1-2句）：再次感谢，期望回报。
成文方法
(1)开篇段（说明写作目的）
①I am writing to express my gratitude for your time and consideration in support of my endeavors.Your perspective and encouragement mean a great deal to me.我写信是为了表达对你为了支持我的努力付出的时间和思虑的感谢。你的观点和鼓励对我而言意义重大。
②On behalf of...，I express heartfelt thanks for all you do.我代表……表达对你所做一切的衷心感谢。
(2)中间段（具体说明对方所做的事）
①We appreciate your unfailing attention to detail and several participants commented on how well the event was organized.我们感谢你对细节毫无遗漏的关注，几位与会者对这次活动组织大为赞赏。
②We are grateful for the time and effort you took to share your thoughts and experiences with us.Thanks again for a truly memorable evening.我们感谢你为了与我们分享你的观点和经历所花费的时间和精力。再次感谢这样一个真正难忘的夜晚。
③I hope I can reciprocate the favor.我希望我可以回报你的帮助。
④I want to express my deepest gratitude to you for the recommendation you made on my behalf.I’ll do my best to deserve your confidence.我想为你为我做的推荐，向你表达我最深的谢意。我会尽力做到，不负你对我的信任。
(3)结尾段（重申感谢，表示期待）
①I can’t thank you enough for...对于……，我怎么感谢你都不为过。
②If I can be of any service to you in the future,please don’t hesitate to contact me.如果将来我可以帮上你忙的话，请务必联系我。
③We hope you will accept the enclosed token of our gratitude.我们希望你会接受随函附上、以示谢意的礼物。
8
告示（通知）
写作布局
第1段（1-2句）：表明写作目的。
第二段（3-5句）：介绍具体信息（包括时间、地点、活动内容、出席对象、注意事项等）。
第三段（1-2句）：表明期待参与；（必要时）提供联系方式。
注：上述内容也可以合并为一段。
成文方法
①This is to notify that...is organizing...on(date).本通知是为了告知……将于……（日期）组织……。
②All individuals are hereby informed that a legislation regarding...has been approved.关于……的法规已通过，特此通知。
③Please pay close attention to this announcement.请密切关注这个启事。
④For any clarification or enquiry,contact XXX at(phone number).如需任何说明或咨询，请拨打……（电话号码）联系XXX。
⑤If you need more information/For further details,please contact us at(phone number).如果需要更多信息/更多细节，请拨打……（电话号码）联系我们。
⑥If you are interested in this position,you can send your resume to(email address).如果您对这个职位感兴趣，请将您的简历发送至……（邮箱地址）。
大作文素材
1.“正能量”经典谚语/名人名言
1)困难/挫折
①No cross,no crown.
没有苦难，就没有成功。
②Misfortunes tell us what fortune is.
不经祸不知福。
③It is impossible to live without failing at something.
生活中不可能没有失败。
④Hardship is part of the essential nature of personal growth.If you haven’t experienced hardship,you can’t grow.
困难是个人成长的本质。不经苦难无法成长。
⑤As fruit needs not only sunshine but cold nights and chilling showers to ripen it,so character needs not only joy but trial and difficulty to mellow it.(Black,American writer)
正如水果的成熟不仅需要阳光，也需要凉夜和冷雨，人的性格陶冶不仅需要欢乐，也需要考验和困难。（布莱克，美国作家）
2)勇气/坚持/自信
①God helps those who help themselves.
自助者天助。
②Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.
世上无难事，只怕有心人。
③Every man is the architect of his own fortune.
自己的命运自己掌握。
④You are your greatest enemy if you are a coward,but if you are brave,you are your greatest friend.
如果你是懦夫，你就是自己的敌人；但如果你是勇者，你就是自己的朋友。
⑤No one can degrade us except ourselves;that if we are worthy,no influence can defeat us.(Washington,American educator)
除了我们自己以外，没有人能贬低我们。如果我们无愧，就没有什么不良影响能够打败我们。(华盛顿，美国教育家)
⑥Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.Great works are performed not by strength,but perseverance.(Samuel Johnson,British writer)
在勤奋和技能前，没有不可能之事。伟大作品不是凭力量完成，而是靠坚持造就。(塞缪尔·约翰逊，英国作家)
⑦If you have great talents,industry will improve them;if you have but moderate abilities,industry will supply their deficiency.(Reynolds,British painter)
如果你很有天赋，勤勉会使其更完善；如果你能力一般，勤勉会补足其缺陷。(雷诺兹，英国画家)
⑧Selfconfidence is the first requisite to great undertakings.(Samuel Johnson)
自信乃成大业的首要必备的特质。(塞缪尔·约翰逊)
⑨If you hear a voice within you say“you cannot paint,”then by all means paint,and that voice will be silenced.(Vincent Van Gogh)
如果你的内心有一个声音在说“你没有画画的才能”，那请你务必继续画画，那个声音自会消除。(文森特·梵高)
3)美德/品格
①Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.
无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。
②Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower.
品格之于人，犹如芳香之于花。
③The empty vessels make the greatest sound.(Shakespeare)
满瓶不响，半瓶咣当。(莎士比亚)
④Love has no meaning if it isn’t shared.Love has to be put into action.
爱若不与人分享则毫无意义。爱必须付诸行动。
⑤Do as you would be done by.
己所不欲，勿施于人。
4)学习知识/培养兴趣
①Knowledge advances by steps and not by leaps.
知识只能渐进，不能跃进。
②The more a man learns,the more he sees his ignorance.
学然后知不足。
③Cultivation to mind is as necessary as food for body.
学习之于头脑，如同食物之于身体一样不可缺少。
④If a man empties his purse into his head,no man can take it away from him；an investment in knowledge always pays the best interest.(Franklin,American president)
倾己所有追求知识，无人能将其夺走；向知识投资，收益。(富兰克林，美国总统)
⑤Develop interest in life as you see it;in people,things,literature,music—the world is so rich,simply throbbing with rich treasures,beautiful souls and interesting people.
在生活中培养兴趣吧，对人、物、文学、音乐——世界之所以如此丰富，正是因为有这些珍贵的宝藏、美丽的心灵和有趣的人们。
5)实践/行动
①Knowledge is a treasure,but practice is the key to it.
知识是宝库，而实践是开启宝库的钥匙。
②Activity is the only road to knowledge.(Bernard Shaw,British dramatist)
行动是通往知识的唯一道路。(萧伯纳，英国剧作家)
③One thorn of experience is worth a whole wilderness of warning.(Lowell,British critic)
一次痛苦的经验抵得上千百次的告诫。(洛厄尔，英国批评家)
④Practical wisdom is only to be learned in the school of experience.(Samuel Smiles,British writer)
实用的知识只能从亲身体验中学到。(塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯，英国作家)
⑤The best preparation for good work tomorrow is to do good work today.(Hubbard,British writer)
对明天的准备是把今天的工作做好。(哈伯德，英国作家)
⑥Words can’t move mountains.It is diligence that counts.
话语无法移山，勤奋才是最重要的。
6)运气/生活
①Time and tide wait for no man.
时光如流水，岁月不待人。
②Life is not all roses.
人生并不都是玫瑰。
③Fortune never helps the man whose courage fails.
运气从来不会帮助失去勇气的人。
④When an opportunity is neglected,it never comes back to you.
机不可失，时不再来。
⑤Failure is the foundation of success;success is the lurking place of failure.
祸兮福所倚，福兮祸所伏。
⑥Growth and change are the law of all life.Yesterday’s answers are inadequate for today’s problems.(Franklin Roosevelt,American president)
生长与变化是一切生命的法则。昨日的答案不适用于今日的问题。(富兰克林·罗斯福，美国总统)
7)合作
①Good advice is harsh to the ears.
忠言逆耳。
②Many heads are better than one.
三个臭皮匠，赛过诸葛亮。
③Many hands make light work.
人多力量大。
④No man is an island,entire of itself;every man is a piece of the continent,a part of the main.
没有人是完全孤立的一片岛屿，每个人都是主体大陆的一个部分。8)思考/目标/观察
①Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.
生活没有目标就像航海没有罗盘。
②The important thing in life is to have a great aim and the determination to attain it.
人生重要之事就是确定一个伟大目标，并决心将其实现。
③Beauty in things exists in the mind which contemplates them.
事物的美存在于仔细思考的头脑中。
④Ideal is the beacon.Without ideal,there is no secure direction;without direction,there is no life.(Tolstoy,Russian writer)
理想是指路明灯。没有理想，就没有坚定的方向；没有方向，就没有生活。(托尔斯泰，俄罗斯作家)
⑤Don’t part with your illusions.When they are gone you may still exist,but you have ceased to live.(Mark Twain,American writer)
不要放弃你的幻想。幻想消失后，你还可以生存，但虽生犹死。(马克·吐温，美国作家)
⑥Students should bring a certain skepticism to whatever they study.They should question what they are taught instead of accepting it passively.”(Descartes)
学生不管学什么，都应该带着某种质疑精神。他们应当对所学的知识提出质疑，而不是被动地接受。(笛卡尔)
⑦The wellbeing of a society is enhanced when many of its people question authority.(Descartes)
当社会中多数公民质疑权威的时候，社会福祉便会得到提升。(笛卡尔)
⑧To remain vigorous,any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge longstanding assumptions.(Descartes)
若要保持活力，任何学术领域都需要由真正的独立思考者引领，他们无视传统的束缚，敢于挑战根深蒂固的思想。(笛卡尔)
⑨Don’t be trapped by dogma—which is living with the results of other people’s thinking.Don’t let the noise of others’opinions drown out your own inner voice.And most important,have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.(Steve Jobs)
不要被教条束缚——即靠别人思考的结果过活。不要让其他人的观点所发出的噪音淹没了你自己内心的声音。最重要的是，有勇气跟随自己的心和直觉。(史蒂夫·乔布斯)
2.“正能量”典型事例
①Facebook、Apple事例：适用于创新与守旧、知识与实践、思想与行动等话题。
Creativity and innovation are the keys to modern success.Facebook creator Zuckerberg did not unify over 500 million individuals into a single website using solely algorithms he had memorized.Apple co-founder Jobs did not construct the first Apple computer with the aid of just textbooks and manuals.These innovators used their education and creativity to harness their ideas into international advances.
创造力和创新力是当今时代成功的关键。Facebook创始人扎克伯格不是单凭记住的运算法则把5亿人统一集合到一个网站。Apple创始人乔布斯也并非仅靠书本和指南的帮助造出了第1台苹果电脑。这些革新者用他们的教育和创新能力将他们的脑中想法变成了国际性的进步。
②邓亚萍事例：适用于自信、坚持、后天努力等话题。
With confidence and persistence,Deng Yaping creates one miracle after another：she overcomes her short figure to become a legendary PingPong player;she overcomes her academic incompetence to win a PhD degree in University of Cambridge...
靠着自信和恒心，邓亚萍创造了一个又一个奇迹：她克服身高限制，成为了乒乓界的传奇；她克服学业不足，获得了剑桥的博士学位……。
③科比事例：适用于勤奋、努力、艰苦奋斗等话题。
Kobe Bryant is a superb example of how diligence works in one’s life.To build a stronger body,he chose the legendary“6-6-6 training method”—devil training of 6 days a week,6 hours a day and 6 phases one time,the toughness of which is unimaginable to common people.The reason that Kobe wins over so many fans is not only his extraordinary skill;his iconic diligence and competitiveness and indomitable attitude inspire many people.
科比·布莱恩特是一个证明勤奋是如何起作用的很好的例子。为了使自己的身体变得更强壮，他选择了传说中的“666训练法”——每周6天，每天6个小时，每次6个阶段的“魔鬼训练”，其训练的艰苦程度是常人无法想象的。科比征服如此多球迷的原因不只是他的非凡球技，他标志性的、近乎偏执的勤奋和好胜心以及百折不挠的职业态度激励了很多人。
④马云事例：适用于创新、信念等话题。
In an interview,Jack Ma said,“When I started my business,nobody believed that e-commerce would come to anything.But now my platform has 100 million visitors every day.So please have faith in yourself and in the future”.
在一次访谈中马云说道：“我开始创业的时候，没人相信电子商务会有前途。但今天，我们的平台每天有一亿用户访问。所以，请相信自己，相信未来。”
⑤钱学森事例：适用于中国梦、责任等话题。
In the 1940s,Qian Xuesen has already become an authority on mechanics and nuclear physics.He could have chosen to stay in America and live an affluent life,but he overcame opposition from American authorities and returned to the motherland.He made landmark breakthroughs,making significant contribution to New China’s space project.
上世纪40年代，钱学森就已经成为力学界、核物理学界的权威。他本可以选择留在美国过着富裕的生活，但他克服了美国当局的重重阻碍回到了祖国。他取得里程碑式的突破，为新中国的航天事业做出了重大贡献。
⑥习近平新年致辞：适用于中国梦、坚持、脚踏实地等。
Building a high-rise begins with mounds of soil.To translate the blueprint into reality,we have to avoid the distractions of unsubstantial ideas and superficial fame,take one step at a time,and approach our work with a firm footing.
九层之台，起于累土。要把这个蓝图变为现实，必须不驰于空想、不骛于虚声，一步一个脚印，踏踏实实干好工作。
3.描图素材
第1句：
一、针对单个或多个动作统一的形象
Here is a ______ scene,in which主体行为或大致情形.
译：这是一幅______的场景，当中，……。
注：scene后还可以添加“地点状语”，锁定话题的范畴；in+which定语从句修饰scene，引出场景中的具体人物行为，其中可以添加with...结构补充伴随情形。
例1：Here is a very common scene,in which four youngsters are getting together for a meal.(2015)
译：这是一幅日常情景：四个年轻人围坐一桌聚餐。
例2：Here is a leisure scene,in which a pair of friends are doing their sightseeing by boat.(2011)
译：这是一幅休闲场景：一对朋友正泛舟游湖。
例3：Here is a competitive scene,in which a football match is going on.(2005)
译：这是一幅竞争场景：一场足球比赛正在上演。
例4：Here is a warm scene of past and present,in which a young mother took her little daughter by the hand three decades ago,and now she,who has become aged,is supported by her grown-up daughter.(2014)
译：这是一幅今昔温馨场景：三十年前，一位年轻的妈妈手拉着女儿；而如今已年迈的她，被长大成人的女儿搀扶着。
二、针对反差鲜明的对比形象
Here are two scenes which contrast the past and present具体场景.
译：这两幅场景对比了过去以及现在的……。
注：除纵向的今昔对比外，图画也可能通过横向对比来表现主题，如乡村vs城市、国内vs国外等。
例：Here are two scenes which contrast the past and present fishing situation.(2000)
译：这两幅场景对比了曾经和现在的捕鱼情形。
三、适用于有象征意义的无人场景
The picture symbolically/figuratively shows核心事物,which事物特征.
译：这幅图以象征/比喻手法展示了……，它……。
注：which可以用with+V-ing结构(说明事物状态)或关系副词where或in which(当事物为地点，当中还有具体元素时)替换。
例：The picture symbolically shows a steaming hotpot,in which various ingredients are boiling together,such as Swan Lake,Kung-fu,postmodernism,Peking opera，etc.(2010)
译：这幅图以象征手法展示了一口热气腾腾的火锅，当中煮着各种各样的食材，有天鹅湖、功夫、后现代、京剧等等。
第二句：
一、适用于情感色彩浓厚而清晰的场景
To our看图情绪,though,描述负面情形.
译：然而，令人感到……的是，……。
注：插入语though此处等同于however；“看图情绪”可根据具体情形进行替换，如astonishment(震惊)、disappointment(败兴)、embarrassment(尴尬)、shame(惭愧)、annoyance(气恼)等；to our...也可以替换为“what’s+情绪形容词+is that...”的形式。
例1：To our embarrassment,though,none of them talk to each other at all;instead,they are all glued to their phones,with the dishes in front left untouched.(2015)
译：可令人尴尬的是，他们彼此毫无交流，而是都紧盯手机，面前的菜也都原封未动。
例2：What’s astonishing and infuriating,however,is that the football is the aged father curling up in the center of the field,and the players are his four sons and daughters,defending the“goal”at full stretch.
译：可令人震惊和愤怒的是，足球是蜷缩在场中央的年迈老父亲，而球员是他的四个子女，大家都竭尽全力防守着自身球门。
二、针对单幅图画中被负面情形破坏的场景
The otherwise wonderful scene,however,is overshadowed by something unpleasant:描述题眼.
译：然而，本来美好的场景却因为某些糟糕的情形蒙上阴影：……。
注：otherwise(否则，要不然)暗含“本来，原本”之意，紧跟褒义形容词，吸引人关注问题所在；动词overshadow意为“使失色，使相形见绌”，采用被动态方便引出画中“违和点”；由“something unpleasant+冒号”引出负面情形，冒号后使用完整句子描写内容。
例：The otherwise wonderful scene,however,is overshadowed by something unpleasant:none of them talk to each other at all;...left untouched.(2015)
译：然而，某些糟糕的情形破坏了本该美好的场景：大家彼此毫无交流，……也都原封未动。
例：The otherwise wonderful scene,however,is overshadowed by something unpleasant:masses of trash are floating nearby,and even the sightseers who are here simply for enjoying the view are hurting Mother Nature by throwing waste into the lake.(2011)
译：然而，某些糟糕的情形破坏了本该美好的场景：不远处漂浮着成片的垃圾，更甚的是，连专程来享受景色的游客也在往河里丢垃圾，伤害着大自然。
第三句（可选）
提炼主题，明确现象
As the caption“”indicates,the artist is intended to______.
译：正如标题……所表明的，艺术家旨在_______。
例：As the caption“Supporting each other”indicates,the artist is intended to praise one of our traditional family ethics—the mutual care and support between parents and their children throughout their lifetime.
译：正如标题“相携”所表明的，艺术家意在宣扬我们的传统家庭伦理，即父母与子女之间的贯穿一生的相互关怀与支持。
例：As the caption indicates,the artist is intended to criticize many adults who just refuse to support their aged parents.(2005)
译：正如标题所表明的，艺术家意在批判那些拒不赡养年迈父母的人。
